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Their acute sense of smell allows them to track their food, digging holes with their snouts until they find it. Nenets migrate from time to time, an activity which can take anything from a few days to an entire month depending on the food sources available to the reindeer.
As soon as the lichen runs out, they have to change their area and to do so they cross their camps. For this reason, Nenet settlements are usually located where access is practically impossible.
With no roads and a landscape covered in snow, the sled is the only viable means of transport, and the journey in can take anything from a few hours to several days. Nenet people spend most of the year isolated from any other type of civilization, instead living in their small social nuclei.
In these periods, many hours of the day are spent inside the Chum, talking and sharing stories while they warm up, eat, and rest from their exhausting daily work. It is wonderful to witness these intimate moments in which the Nenets play pranks on each other and laugh out loud about the unexpected and often peculiar adventures of the day. Living in such extreme temperatures and doing such hard, physical work causes the body to burn more calories than under normal circumstances, meaning that the Nenets have to stop working with the reindeer multiple times during the day to return to the Chum and recharge their energy.
Their diet ranges from frozen fish — eaten raw — to reindeer meat, which is either eaten raw or boiled with rice and other staples bought from nearby towns on rare occasions in which they enter civilization. When they stray so far from their settlements that it is impossible to return home to refuel, the Nenets sacrifice a reindeer and eat it raw in order to continue working. Today, Nenents are required by Russian law to go to school, where the curriculum is taught entirely in Russian and there are very few lessons on the history and culture of the Nenets.
This means that in order to learn the Nenet language, the family is the only resource. This means that Nenet children get used to speaking Russian before their own dialect and only the older generations continue to use it daily. These diseases affect many Russians. While the number of deaths attributed to cardiovascular diseases has dropped in Western Europe, North America and Japan over the past decades, the proportion has increased in Russia.
However, the proportion is lower among some sections of the population, which has been put down to high seafood consumption in these sections of the population. The study shows that the consumption of seafood among the indigenous Nenets was unexpectedly low, especially in comparison with studies from the Soviet era.
Women perform domestic chores like setting up the tents, taking care of children, and cooking meals of raw sturgeon with mustard sauce and reindeer blood sipped with a spoon. There are a number of taboos associated with women, particularly women who are pregnant, menstruating or having a child.
Nenets believe that women can rob men of their strength or exert maniacal control over them by walking over their possessions. Marriages used to arranged by clan leaders and polygamy and levirate marriages were practiced. Most Nenet live at least part of the year in Russian-style wood or log houses. Nenet wooden houses have steep, snow-shedding roofs that are reminiscent of there nomadic tents. At typical chum has a diameter of 18 feet and is 20 feet high The poles and covers can easily be carried on a reindeer sledge.
Chums are warmed with an iron stove or a sheet of iron serving as a hearth set on the floor in the middle of the floor. The chums are quite cozy and warm. Wooden planks are laid down for a floor and covered with hides and straw. Smoke escapes through a hole at the top of tent. Seven people and ten dogs might stay in a typical chum and social activity and space are tightly regulated so that people can live harmoniously.
Some chums have thick plastic windows. Clothing is often worn in two layers with an inner coat with fur facing inside and an outer coat with the fur facing outside. The main material for clothing is reindeer fur and hide. Other mammals, including the polar foxes, various seals, squirrels and domestic dogs are also used to make clothing. The Nenets use strawlike grass taken from the tundra to insulate their boots and take the material under the bark of birch trees for diapers and toilet paper.
The Nenets are not afraid of mixing with the modern world. They use radios and tea and reject what they don't feel the need. Nenet children are still required to attend Russian-language schools. The Nenets have traditionally relied on reindeer for almost everything. Reindeer pull their sleds, supply fur for the coats and tents, provide them with meat and even give them their identity.
Babies and deceased people are wrapped in reindeer skins. Reindeer bones are used for buttons and knife handles and tendons are made into thread. Their exceptionally warm skins are made into boats, legging, hats and other items of clothing. Reindeer antlers bring in hard currency from Asia where they are crushed into a powder and taken as an aphrodisiac and a form of traditional Chinese medicine.
Reindeer meat is stored in wooden chests that serve as freezers. Nenets consider fresh reindeer blood to be a delicacy and like to eat reindeer meat raw. The main events of spring festival are reindeer races. Nenet herders have a close bond with their lead reindeer. If they get lost in a blizzard they rely on the lead reindeer to help them find their way.
If the animal hesitates or sneezes while crossing a frozen river, the herder will look for a different place to cross. In Nenet mythology the fate of the main characters is often foretold by what happens first to their lead reindeer. The Nenet control about one third of the total reindeer stock in Russia. Overgrazing has become a problem. About , reindeer graze on the Yamal but environmentalist say that the land can only support , animals.
A typical caravan of Nenet nomads consists of about 20 extended family members, several hundred reindeer, dozens of dogs, and 75 sleds, packed with tent poles, fresh meat, frozen food, iron stoves, reindeer skins and other items, that spread out for more than a kilometer when the group is on the move.
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