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Access through your institution. Buy or subscribe. Rent or Buy article Get time limited or full article access on ReadCube. Figure 1: Paul Ehrlich in his office. References 1 Ehrlich, P. Google Scholar 2 Ehrlich, P.
Google Scholar 5 Ehrlich, P. Google Scholar 8 Ehrlich, P. Google Scholar 9 Ehrlich, P. Google Scholar 10 Ehrlich, P. Google Scholar 27 Frei, E. Google Scholar 60 Kohler, G. Google Scholar Panthananickal, A. Acknowledgements We thank S.
View author publications. Rights and permissions Reprints and Permissions. About this article Cite this article Strebhardt, K. Copy to clipboard. Aja , P. Agu , E. Ezeh , J. Awoke , H. Ogwoni , Tusubira Deusdedit , E. Ekpono , I. Igwenyi , E. Alum , E. Ugwuja , A. Ibiam , C. Search Search articles by subject, keyword or author. He diagnosed his own tuberculosis infection using a method that he had developed just months before.
Later in his career, he applied the same theory to the study of tumor cells and effectively invented the field of chemotherapy, a word which he coined. He accomplished most of this after a falling out with Emil von Behring, who was in his own right, one of the more distinguished scientists of his time.
Had the two men continued their collaboration, the contributions to medicine may have been exponentially more influential. The first notable contribution Ehrlich made to science was in the field of hematology when he was a student at the University of Leipzig in Working from the observation that the uptake of different dyes varied in different tissues, Ehrlich proposed that a true chemical reaction occurred in the staining of cells.
In his doctoral thesis he identified mast cells, created the field of differential staining of blood cells, and defined neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, erythrocytes and reticulocytes based on a predilection toward acidic or basic dyes.
He was Just six weeks after Robert Koch published results on the cause of tuberculosis, Ehrlich wrote a paper outlining the acid-fast method of staining the tubercle bacillus.
He had contracted the infection in his laboratory. He went to southern Europe and ultimately to Egypt with his wife, Hedwig Pinkus, to recuperate for two years. Upon his return to Berlin, Ehrlich began working in a small private laboratory that was funded by his father-in-law, and later he took an unpaid position at the Institute for Infectious Diseases, which had been built by Koch.
The first major development to come from the institute was a therapeutic antiserum to combat diphtheria. Ehrlich quantified and standardized an antiserum that had been developed in animals by von Behring and Shibasaburo Kitasato in Ehrlich moved his research to an abandoned bakery that he converted into a laboratory. It was at this time that the split between Ehrlich and von Behring occurred because von Behring failed to include Ehrlich in a commercial contract to produce the diphtheria antiserum.
Ehrlich continued his work alone, and in published his revolutionary side-chain theory. He described the process as being similar to key fitting a lock that, in modern terms, would involve cells having receptors for antigens. Upon contact with the antigen, the receptors are shed into the bloodstream as antitoxins.
The proposition was ridiculed by many contemporary scientists, and Ehrlich had to wait several years before being awarded the Nobel Prize for this work. After he showed that dyes react specifically with various components of blood cells and the cells of other tissues, he began to test the dyes for therapeutic properties to determine whether they could kill off disease-causing microbes.
He met with promising results using methylene blue to kill the malaria parasite. After a bout with tuberculosis and his subsequent cure with tuberculin therapy, developed by fellow German Robert Koch, Ehrlich focused his attention on bacterial toxins and antitoxins.
In carrying out this work, he determined how to boost immunity systematically and how to produce high-grade sera. In the institute moved to Frankfurt to more suitable quarters and was renamed the Royal Prussian Institute for Experimental Therapy. By that time most scientists agreed that both explanations of the immune system were necessary. Early in his career Ehrlich began to develop a chemical structure theory to explain the immune response.
He saw toxins and antitoxins as chemical substances at a time when little was known about their exact nature. Up to that time, those scientists who were synthesizing therapeutic agents came at their tasks with few hypotheses about where and how these agents interacted with living systems.
Ehrlich supposed that living cells have side chains—a shorter chain or group of atoms attached to a principal chain in a molecule—much in the way that dye molecules were known to have side chains that were related to their coloring properties.
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